IELTS Academic Word List (AWL)

Successfully reach a desired outcome.

Developing countries are working hard to achieve sustainable development goals.

Come to have or possess something.

Children acquire language skills more easily than adults.

Manage and run an organisation or system.

The department is responsible for administrating student enrolment.

Have an impact on; make a difference to.

Climate change affects every country regardless of its economic status.

Suitable or proper in the circumstances.

It is appropriate to use formal language in academic writing.

A particular part or feature of something.

The social aspect of urbanisation is often overlooked in economic analyses.

Help someone to do something.

Technology can assist teachers in providing personalised learning experiences.

A group of things sharing common characteristics.

Unemployment data is divided into three main categories.

A section of a book or a period in a sequence.

The final chapter of the report outlines policy recommendations.

An official group with authority; to formally request work.

The government commissioned a report into housing affordability.

A group of people living in the same place or sharing common interests.

Strong communities are built on trust and shared values.

Made of many different parts; complicated.

Climate change is a complex issue requiring international cooperation.

Calculate or reckon something using a computer.

Modern computers can compute millions of calculations per second.

Bring something to an end; form an opinion.

The study concludes that diet is the most significant factor in obesity.

Carry out; the way someone behaves.

The team conducted extensive research over a two-year period.

Following as a result or effect.

The flooding and the consequent displacement of thousands of people was devastating.

Build or create; an idea or theory.

New infrastructure is being constructed to support urban growth.

Use up a resource; eat or drink.

Developed countries consume far more energy per capita than developing nations.

Recognition for achievement; trust in ability to repay.

She received credit for her innovative approach to solving the problem.

The ideas, customs, and social behaviour of a society.

Exposure to different cultures promotes tolerance and understanding.

A plan or drawing for something; to plan or create.

Good urban design can significantly improve residents' quality of life.

Recognisably different in nature; clear.

There are distinct differences between spoken and written academic English.

A basic part of something; a fundamental aspect.

Trust is a fundamental element of any successful relationship.

Consider one thing to be the same as another.

Many people equate financial success with overall happiness.

Form an idea of the quality or value of something.

It is essential to evaluate sources critically in academic writing.

A distinctive aspect or characteristic.

One key feature of IELTS writing is the need for formal vocabulary.

Coming at the end; decisive.

The final decision will be made by the committee next month.

Pay particular attention to; the centre of interest.

The essay should focus on one central argument supported by evidence.

A strong effect or influence.

The internet has had a profound impact on how we communicate.

Cause physical harm to a person or animal.

Workers in hazardous industries are most likely to be injured on the job.

An organisation for a specific purpose; to establish.

Research institutes play a key role in advancing medical science.

Put money or time into something for future benefit.

Governments should invest more in renewable energy infrastructure.

An individual article or unit.

Each item in the report is supported by statistical evidence.

A newspaper or magazine on a specialist subject.

The findings were published in an international scientific journal.

Cause to continue; keep in good condition.

It is difficult to maintain economic growth during a global recession.

Conforming to a standard; usual.

It is now normal for people to work from home several days a week.

Get or acquire something.

A high IELTS score helps candidates obtain visas for study abroad.

Take part in an activity.

Citizens are encouraged to participate in the democratic process.

Become aware of something through the senses; interpret.

How we perceive risk is influenced by culture and personal experience.

Expressing agreement or support; optimistic.

Exercise has a positive effect on both physical and mental well-being.

The capacity to develop into something; possible.

Solar power has enormous potential as a clean energy source.

Coming before in time or order.

Previous research has shown that bilingualism has cognitive benefits.

Of first importance; earliest.

The primary aim of the study was to measure student satisfaction.

Buy; an act of buying something.

Consumers are increasingly purchasing goods online rather than in stores.

A variety; to extend over a specified area.

The report covers a wide range of environmental topics.

An area, especially part of a country with defined characteristics.

Desert regions face the greatest challenges due to water scarcity.

Control by rules or restrictions.

Governments must regulate social media platforms to prevent misinformation.

Closely connected or appropriate to the topic.

Only include evidence that is directly relevant to your argument.

Live in a particular place.

Over 55% of the country's population now resides in urban areas.

A supply of something that can be drawn on.

Natural resources such as clean water are becoming increasingly scarce.

Limit or put a limit on.

Some governments restrict internet access to control the flow of information.

Fixed or protected; to make something safe.

A secure job and affordable housing are basic needs for all citizens.

Attempt to find or obtain something.

Many young people seek employment in cities rather than rural areas.

Carefully choose as the best or most suitable.

Participants were selected based on their age and educational background.

A place where something happens; to fix in position.

The new hospital will be built on a site near the city centre.

A plan of action designed to achieve a long-term goal.

An effective revision strategy is essential for IELTS success.

A systematic examination or investigation.

A survey of 500 employees revealed high levels of workplace stress.

Written or printed words; the content of a book.

Academic texts often use complex vocabulary and formal grammar.

A long-established custom or practice.

Many cultural traditions are being lost as globalisation increases.

Move from one place or person to another.

Knowledge transfer between institutions is vital for scientific progress.

One of two or more available options.

Cycling is an environmentally friendly alternative to driving.

A fact or condition connected with an event or action.

The outcome depends on the circumstances in which the policy is applied.

Offer an opinion or explanation.

The examiner commented on the clarity of the candidate's argument.

Give something to make up for loss or damage.

Higher pay can compensate for difficult working conditions to some extent.

A part or element of a larger whole.

Regular vocabulary study is a key component of IELTS preparation.

Permission or agreement; to agree.

Participants must give written consent before joining the study.

Large in size, extent, or importance.

There has been considerable progress in reducing global poverty.

Occurring continuously; not changing.

The constant noise from traffic affects the health of urban residents.

Severely restrict the freedom or scope of something.

Budget constraints often limit the scope of government programmes.

Give or supply a part of a whole.

Exercise contributes significantly to long-term physical and mental health.

A way in which something is usually done; a rule.

Academic writing follows certain conventions of structure and style.

Organise and work harmoniously together.

International agencies must coordinate their efforts to fight climate change.

The most important part; central.

Critical thinking is a core skill required in all academic disciplines.

Relating to a large company.

Corporate responsibility now extends beyond profit to include environmental impact.

Have a close similarity; communicate by letter.

The rise in temperature closely corresponds with increased CO₂ emissions.

Principles or standards used to judge something.

The selection criteria for the scholarship include academic performance and community service.

Arrive at a conclusion through reasoning.

From the data, we can deduce that urban migration is accelerating.

Clearly show the existence or truth of something.

The experiment demonstrates that exercise improves cognitive function.

A piece of written evidence; to record in detail.

The changes in biodiversity have been carefully documented over 20 years.

Have a commanding influence over; be the most important.

Social media companies now dominate the global communications landscape.

Special importance or weight given to something.

The report places particular emphasis on the need for renewable energy.

Make certain that something happens.

Governments must ensure that all citizens have access to clean water.

Deny access to; leave out.

The study excluded participants over the age of 65.

A basic system of rules or principles underlying a concept.

The legal framework for protecting intellectual property varies by country.

A sum of money; to provide money for a purpose.

The research was funded by a national science foundation grant.

Explain by using examples or pictures.

The graph illustrates the dramatic rise in global temperatures since 1970.

Come to live permanently in a foreign country.

Many people immigrate to cities in search of better employment opportunities.

Suggest or indicate something without saying so directly.

The data implies that poverty and poor health outcomes are closely linked.

Existing at the beginning; the first letter.

Initial results suggest the treatment is highly effective.

An example or single occurrence of something.

For instance, Denmark generates over 40% of its electricity from wind.

Act in a way that has an effect on another.

Students learn more effectively when they interact with peers and teachers.

Show or prove to be right or reasonable.

The government must justify any policy that restricts individual freedoms.

A sheet, quantity, or thickness laid over a surface.

The ozone layer protects Earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation.

A connection between two things; to connect.

There is a strong link between education levels and earning potential.

Discover the exact place of; situate in a particular place.

The new factory is located in a region with high unemployment.

Make as large or great as possible.

Companies try to maximise profit while minimising production costs.

Lesser in importance, seriousness, or size.

Only minor changes were needed to improve the quality of the essay.

Make ineffective; nullify.

Poor time management can negate even the most thorough IELTS preparation.

The way a thing turns out; a result.

Positive health outcomes are closely linked to access to quality medical care.

A person who shares in an activity; to share with.

International partnerships are essential for addressing global challenges.

The study of fundamental questions about existence and knowledge.

The company's philosophy centres on sustainability and social responsibility.

Relating to the body or material world.

Physical activity reduces the risk of chronic diseases significantly.

A part considered in relation to the whole.

A significant proportion of the population lives below the poverty line.

Prepare and issue for public distribution.

The findings were published in a leading peer-reviewed journal.

Respond to something in a particular way.

Markets react quickly to news about interest rate changes.

An official list; a level of language formality; to record.

Academic writing requires a formal register and precise vocabulary.

Depend on with full trust or confidence.

Many developing countries still rely heavily on coal for electricity.

Take away or off; eliminate.

Steps must be taken to remove barriers to women's participation in STEM.

A plan or programme of action.

A new scholarship scheme will fund 200 students from disadvantaged backgrounds.

A particular order in which things follow one another.

The report presents events in chronological sequence for clarity.

Biological characteristics distinguishing male and female.

The data is broken down by age, sex, and educational background.

A change in position or direction; to move.

There has been a major shift in public attitudes towards recycling.

Identify or state clearly and precisely.

The contract specifies the exact duties of each party.

Enough for a particular purpose.

A band score of 6.0 is not sufficient for admission to many universities.

A piece of work to be done or undertaken.

Task 2 in IELTS writing requires candidates to write a 250-word essay.

Relating to a particular subject or skilled occupation.

The report uses technical language that may be unfamiliar to general readers.

A way of doing something using practical skill.

Skimming and scanning are useful techniques for IELTS reading.

The application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes.

New technologies are transforming the way people learn and work.

Having a sound basis; legally or officially acceptable.

A valid argument must be supported by reliable evidence.

The amount of space; the quantity of something.

The volume of plastic waste entering the ocean increases each year.

The means or opportunity to approach something.

Universal access to education is a fundamental human right.

Satisfactory or acceptable in quality or quantity.

Many hospitals lack adequate resources to treat all patients.

Happening once a year.

The annual report shows a 12% increase in greenhouse gas emissions.

Clearly visible or understood; seeming real.

It is apparent from the data that income inequality is growing.

Close to the actual but not entirely accurate.

The approximate cost of the project is two billion dollars.

A settled way of thinking or feeling about something.

Public attitudes towards immigration have changed significantly over the past decade.

A quality or feature; to regard as caused by.

The rise in obesity is largely attributed to changes in diet and lifestyle.

Relating to ordinary citizens; courteous.

Civil rights movements have brought about major social changes worldwide.

A set of rules; a system of symbols.

A strict ethical code governs the conduct of medical researchers.

Carry out or perpetrate; pledge to a course.

Nations must commit to reducing emissions if climate targets are to be met.

Share or exchange information or feelings.

Effective leaders communicate clearly and listen actively.

Focus attention or effort on something.

Students need a quiet environment to concentrate effectively.

Grant or bestow; hold a discussion.

The committee met to confer on new environmental regulations.

A difference; to compare things to show differences.

In contrast to rural areas, cities offer greater economic opportunities.

A series of events that repeat; to ride a bicycle.

The water cycle is fundamental to life on Earth.

A formal discussion on a topic; to discuss.

There is ongoing debate about the most effective way to reduce inequality.

Without being affected by; in spite of.

Despite economic growth, poverty remains widespread in many regions.

An aspect or feature; a measurable extent.

Poverty has economic, social, and health dimensions.

Relating to the home or a country's own affairs.

Domestic violence disproportionately affects women and children.

Come out or arise from somewhere; become known.

New industries are emerging as a result of digital transformation.

A mistake; something incorrectly done.

Grammatical errors can reduce a candidate's IELTS writing score.

Relating to a group with a common cultural tradition.

The study examines health outcomes across different ethnic groups.

An aim or desired result.

The Sustainable Development Goals aim to end poverty by 2030.

A sum of money given for a purpose; to agree to give.

The university received a large research grant to study air quality.

As a consequence; for this reason.

Fossil fuels are finite; hence, investment in renewables is urgent.

A proposed explanation to be tested.

The researchers tested the hypothesis that stress reduces immune function.

Put a decision or plan into effect.

Several countries have implemented carbon taxes to reduce emissions.

Show to be involved in a crime or problem.

Air pollution has been implicated in millions of premature deaths annually.

Force something on someone or establish by authority.

The government imposed strict limits on industrial carbon emissions.

Combine parts into a whole; include as part of a group.

New technologies are being integrated into classroom teaching methods.

Of or relating to the inside of something.

The company launched an internal review of its environmental practices.

Carry out a systematic examination of.

The agency investigated the cause of the chemical spill.

A paid position of employment.

Automation is expected to eliminate millions of low-skilled jobs.

A name or description applied to something; to classify.

Food labelling laws ensure consumers know what they are eating.

A process by which something happens; a system.

Market mechanisms can help regulate supply and demand effectively.

Easily perceived; self-evident.

The most obvious solution to traffic congestion is improved public transport.

Reside or have one's place of business in; fill a space.

Tourism now occupies a central role in many small island economies.

A choice or alternative.

Governments have several options for reducing carbon emissions.

The amount of something produced.

Agricultural output must increase to feed a growing global population.

Taking everything into account; generally.

Overall, the evidence suggests that urban living improves economic outcomes.

Lines that never meet; similar or corresponding.

There are clear parallels between the 2008 and 2020 economic crises.

A limit or boundary defining the scope of something.

The research was conducted within strict ethical parameters.

A distinct period or stage in a process.

The project will be completed in three phases over two years.

Say what will happen in the future.

Scientists predict that global temperatures will rise by 1.5°C by 2050.

Main; most important; the head of a school.

The principal cause of deforestation is agricultural expansion.

Coming before in time or order.

Prior knowledge of vocabulary significantly improves reading comprehension.

Relating to a skilled occupation; an expert.

Professional development is essential for teachers to remain effective.

A planned undertaking; to estimate or forecast.

The UN projects that the global population will reach 10 billion by 2050.

Further the progress or development of something.

Governments promote healthy eating through public information campaigns.

Put forward a plan or suggestion.

The committee proposed a series of measures to reduce urban air pollution.

Affecting the fundamental nature of something; far-reaching.

A radical shift in energy policy is needed to achieve net-zero emissions.

Without any pattern or plan; by chance.

Participants were assigned to groups using random selection.

Strengthen or support.

Positive feedback reinforces students' motivation to improve.

Bring back to a previous state or condition.

Programmes to restore natural habitats are gaining funding globally.

Examine and improve; reconsider and alter.

Students should revise their essays carefully before submitting.

A number of things of the same kind coming one after another.

A series of reforms was introduced to modernise the healthcare system.

The relative social or professional position.

Socioeconomic status strongly influences educational attainment.

Pressure or tension; to emphasise.

Work-related stress is one of the leading causes of long-term illness.

Coming after something in time or order.

The initial trial was successful, and subsequent studies confirmed the findings.

A total; to add up.

In sum, the evidence strongly supports the need for urgent climate action.

Relating to education and scholarship.

Academic writing requires a formal tone and evidence-based arguments.

Alter slightly to achieve a better result.

Countries must adjust their economies as fossil fuel demand declines.

Change in character or composition.

Rising temperatures have altered weather patterns around the world.

Make minor changes to improve or correct.

The law was amended to include stronger environmental protections.

Having knowledge or perception of something.

People are becoming increasingly aware of the impact of plastic waste.

The maximum amount; the ability to do something.

The country lacks the capacity to treat all patients with the disease.

A task requiring effort; to question or dispute.

Reducing inequality is one of the greatest challenges facing modern societies.

A unit of grammar; a specific part of a legal document.

The contract includes a clause protecting workers' rights.

A combination of elements; to make worse.

Poverty is compounded by lack of access to quality education.

A serious disagreement; to be incompatible with.

Armed conflict disrupts access to education and healthcare for millions.

Seek information or advice from someone.

The government consulted experts before introducing the new tax policy.

Communication or connection; to get in touch with.

Regular contact between students and teachers improves learning outcomes.

A gradual decrease; to become smaller or weaker.

There has been a steady decline in the number of species in this region.

Individually separate and distinct.

The study identified three discrete phases in the urban growth process.

A preliminary version; to prepare a text.

Always write a rough draft before producing your final essay.

Give someone the means or authority to do something.

Digital technology enables students to access resources from anywhere in the world.

Power derived from physical or chemical sources.

Shifting from fossil fuels to renewable energy is essential for sustainability.

Compel observance of a law or rule.

Without effective enforcement, environmental laws have little impact.

A thing with distinct existence.

The company is a legal entity separate from its owners.

Equal in value, amount, or meaning.

A band 7 in IELTS is roughly equivalent to a C1 level in CEFR.

Develop gradually; change over time.

Language evolves constantly to reflect changes in society and technology.

Become or make larger; increase in extent.

Cities are expanding rapidly as rural populations migrate to urban areas.

Make visible; reveal; subject to an influence.

Long-term exposure to pollution can cause serious respiratory diseases.

Belonging to or forming the outside.

The company's performance was affected by external economic factors.

Make an action or process easier.

Technology facilitates communication between people across the world.

Of central importance; basic.

Clean water is a fundamental human right.

Produce or create something.

Renewable sources now generate over 20% of global electricity.

The world; a spherical representation of it.

Climate change is a problem that affects the entire globe.

A level of quality; to classify by quality.

An IELTS band score is a grade reflecting your overall language ability.

A formal promise; to promise with certainty.

Education does not guarantee employment, but it significantly improves prospects.

A picture or representation; how something appears to others.

A positive national image can attract foreign investment and tourism.

Open to new behaviour or opinions; favouring individual freedoms.

Liberal immigration policies can bring economic benefits.

An official permit; to grant official permission.

A licence is required to operate a business in the food industry.

Reasoning conducted according to strict validity.

A well-structured argument relies on clear logic and sound evidence.

The edge; the difference between two amounts.

The candidate won the election by a narrow margin.

Relating to medicine or the treatment of illness.

Medical advances have significantly increased average life expectancy.

Relating to the mind.

Increased workload is contributing to a mental health crisis among young people.

Make partial changes to; alter.

The design was modified after initial testing revealed flaws.

Observe and check over time.

Air quality is monitored continuously in major cities to detect pollution.

A group of interconnected things; to interact with others.

A strong professional network can open doors to new job opportunities.

Inform someone of something formally.

Residents were notified in advance of the planned water supply interruption.

A goal to be achieved; not influenced by personal feelings.

The primary objective of the study is to measure changes in air quality.

Align or position relative to something; adjust to.

The programme is oriented towards students who want to study abroad.

A particular way of considering something.

It is important to consider different perspectives when writing a discursive essay.

Marked by exactness; accurate.

Academic writing demands precise use of vocabulary and grammar.

Most important; the best state of something.

Healthcare is a prime concern for ageing populations worldwide.

The scientific study of the mind and behaviour.

Psychology research shows that social support improves mental well-being.

Follow or chase; continue or proceed along a path.

Many students pursue higher education to improve their career prospects.

The relationship between two amounts.

The student-to-teacher ratio significantly affects the quality of education.

Dismiss as inadequate or unwanted.

Many visa applications are rejected due to insufficient documentation.

Income generated by a government or organisation.

Tax revenue funds essential public services such as healthcare and education.

Not likely to change or fall; firmly established.

Political stability is essential for long-term economic development.

A manner of doing something; a fashion.

Academic style requires an objective tone and avoidance of informal expressions.

A person or thing serving in place of another.

Electric vehicles are increasingly seen as a substitute for petrol cars.

Maintain over time; keep going.

It is difficult to sustain economic growth without damaging the environment.

A mark or sign representing something.

The Olympic flame is a symbol of international unity and peace.

An aim or result to aim for; to direct something at.

Many countries have failed to meet their carbon reduction targets.

The process of passing through; to travel across.

Efficient public transit reduces traffic congestion and carbon emissions.

A general direction in which something is changing.

The trend towards remote working has accelerated since 2020.

A particular form of something that differs slightly.

The academic version of IELTS is required for university applications.

Existing in thought or theory; a summary of a text.

The abstract of a research paper summarises its key findings.

Correct in all details; free from error.

Accurate data is essential for effective policy-making.

Recognise or admit the truth of something.

The report acknowledges that inequality remains a serious global problem.

A total or combined amount; to collect into a mass.

The aggregate effect of small changes can be significant over time.

Distribute resources or duties for a purpose.

Governments must allocate sufficient funds to healthcare and education.

Allocate a task or job to someone.

Students are assigned writing tasks designed to build exam skills.

Fasten or connect; attribute importance to.

The government attaches great importance to early childhood education.

The writer of a book or article.

The author argues that globalisation has both benefits and drawbacks.

A connection or force that unites; to form a close relationship.

Strong social bonds are associated with better mental health outcomes.

Of short duration; a short statement of key points.

In brief, the study shows that renewable energy is cost-competitive.

Having the ability to do something.

Students capable of independent thinking perform better in academic settings.

Refer to as evidence; quote as an example.

Always cite your sources correctly to avoid plagiarism in academic writing.

Work together towards a common goal.

Nations must cooperate to address the global refugee crisis effectively.

Treat unfairly based on group differences; distinguish.

Laws exist to prevent employers from discriminating against workers.

Show publicly; an exhibition or show.

The graph displays a clear upward trend in global temperatures.

A sphere of knowledge or activity.

Digital literacy is now a critical domain of modern education.

Prepare written material for publication by correcting.

Candidates should always edit their essays for grammar and coherence.

Intensify, increase, or improve the quality of.

Regular practice enhances both writing fluency and accuracy.

A property; someone's assets after death.

The real estate market in major cities has become increasingly unaffordable.

Be greater than; go beyond a set limit.

Carbon emissions must not exceed safe levels if we are to avoid catastrophe.

A person with extensive knowledge in a field.

Experts warn that deforestation is accelerating climate change.

Clearly and fully stated; leaving nothing implied.

The essay should include an explicit statement of the main argument.

Relating to a system with central and regional governments.

The federal government has introduced new regulations on carbon emissions.

A payment for professional services.

University fees have risen dramatically in many countries over the past decade.

Able to change or be changed; willing to adapt.

Flexible working arrangements can improve employee well-being and productivity.

In addition; besides (used to add new information).

The treatment is effective; furthermore, it has no serious side effects.

The state of being male, female, or non-binary.

Gender equality in the workplace remains an important social goal.

Refuse to take notice of; disregard.

Governments cannot afford to ignore the evidence on climate change.

Something that motivates or encourages action.

Tax incentives are being used to encourage businesses to go green.

To tend towards; a slope.

Students are inclined to perform better when they feel motivated.

Include something as part of a larger whole.

The curriculum was revised to incorporate digital skills across all subjects.

A list or measure used to indicate levels.

The Human Development Index measures health, education, and living standards.

Prevent or slow down a process.

Fear of failure can inhibit students from taking intellectual risks.

The ability to act independently; a plan of action.

The government launched a new initiative to reduce youth unemployment.

What is put in; to contribute to.

Student input is valuable when designing effective teaching programmes.

Direct or command; teach systematically.

The teacher instructed students to plan their essays before writing.

The ability to learn and understand; collected information.

Artificial intelligence is transforming the way businesses operate globally.

A pause or gap between events.

Data was collected at regular intervals throughout the study.

An educational talk; to give a lecture.

University lectures are typically supplemented with tutorials and seminars.

Move from one region or country to another.

Birds migrate thousands of kilometres in response to seasonal changes.

The least possible amount.

The minimum IELTS score for most UK universities is band 6.5.

A government department with a head minister.

The Ministry of Education announced reforms to the national curriculum.

A reason for doing something.

Understanding students' motives for learning helps teachers design better lessons.

Not taking sides; not aligned with either position.

Academic writing should adopt a neutral, objective tone.

In spite of that; notwithstanding.

The policy has flaws; nevertheless, it represents an important first step.

A distinct section of writing dealing with one point.

Each paragraph in an IELTS essay should focus on a single main idea.

A person who actively practices a skill or profession.

Medical practitioners must keep up with the latest research in their field.

Present or exerting control as the strongest element.

Agriculture is the predominant industry in many developing economies.

The possibility or likelihood of future success.

Higher education improves the career prospects of graduates.

Return to normal state after a problem; retrieve.

Economies usually recover from recessions over a period of several years.

Make previously unknown information known.

The survey reveals widespread dissatisfaction with public transport services.

A way or course taken to reach a destination.

Education is widely seen as the best route out of poverty.

The extent of a subject or activity; range.

The scope of the investigation was limited to urban areas.

Lower in rank; a person of lower status.

Individual interests must sometimes be subordinate to community needs.

Temporarily halt or delay.

Operations were suspended after safety concerns were raised.

Lasting for a limited time only.

The ban on plastic bags was initially seen as temporary but became permanent.

Cause an event to start; a stimulus.

Rising prices can trigger social unrest in economically fragile regions.

Being the only one of its kind; remarkable.

Each student brings a unique set of skills and experiences to the classroom.

Able to be seen; apparent to the mind.

The effects of global warming are now clearly visible around the world.

Done without being forced; unpaid.

Many organisations rely on voluntary workers to provide essential services.

Modify to fit new conditions.

Schools must adapt their teaching methods to suit digital learners.

A person who is fully grown; relating to grown persons.

Adult literacy programmes have improved employment prospects significantly.

A supporter; to publicly recommend something.

The charity advocates for stronger legal protections for refugees.

Help or assistance; to help.

International aid is essential for countries affected by natural disasters.

A means of communication; to direct towards.

Social media is now a primary channel for public health communication.

A substance produced by chemistry; relating to chemistry.

Chemical pollutants in rivers threaten aquatic ecosystems.

A work of lasting quality; judged over a long period.

This paper has become a classic reference in environmental science.

Including all relevant information; complete.

A comprehensive strategy is needed to tackle the housing crisis.

Be made up of; consist of.

The examination comprises four sections of equal importance.

Establish the truth of something; make firm.

The study confirms previous findings that sleep deprivation impairs cognition.

Opposite; an opposing position.

On the contrary, the research suggests a positive link between the two variables.

Change in form or character; persuade to adopt a belief.

Many countries are converting their electricity grids to renewable energy.

Two; to link or connect.

The problems are coupled with a lack of investment in public services.

A period of ten years.

Global temperatures have risen steadily over the past three decades.

Clearly stated or decided; certain.

There is no definite answer to this complex social question.

State that something is not true; refuse to give.

Some governments deny that climate change is caused by human activity.

Recognise or show differences between things.

Good teachers differentiate their instruction to meet individual student needs.

The action of getting rid of something.

Proper waste disposal is critical to preventing environmental contamination.

Characterised by constant change; a driving force.

The global economy is a highly dynamic system influenced by many factors.

Completely remove or end something.

The goal is to eliminate extreme poverty by 2030.

Based on observation or experience rather than theory.

Academic arguments should be supported by empirical evidence.

Supply with necessary resources or skills.

Schools must be equipped with modern technology to prepare students for the future.

Remove or take out; a passage from a text.

The reading test requires students to extract specific information from a text.

A folder of documents; to submit officially.

All research findings must be properly filed for future reference.

Establish an institution or organisation.

The organisation was founded in 1987 to promote global health initiatives.

A set of ideas and beliefs forming the basis of an economic or political system.

Political parties are often guided by a specific economic ideology.

Draw a conclusion from evidence and reasoning.

From the data, we can infer that urbanisation drives economic growth.

Introduce new ideas, products, or methods.

Countries that innovate fastest gain a competitive economic advantage.

Place something into something else.

You can insert a quotation to support your argument in an essay.

Come between parties to prevent or alter a result.

Governments sometimes need to intervene to stabilise financial markets.

Cause to be alone; identify separately.

Researchers isolated the variable to determine its individual effect.

Experienced by each of two parties towards the other.

International cooperation requires mutual trust and shared goals.

A standard or pattern regarded as typical.

Working from home has become the norm in many industries.

Cover part of the same area; share similar characteristics.

There is significant overlap between the fields of medicine and psychology.

Accepting without objection; not active.

The passive voice is commonly used in academic and scientific writing.

A part of a whole; a serving of food.

Only a small portion of the world's fresh water is available for human use.

Preceding and preparing for the main activity.

Preliminary results suggest the new drug is both safe and effective.

An official procedure or system of rules.

All research must follow a strict ethical protocol.

Relating to quality rather than quantity.

The study used a qualitative approach to understand participants' experiences.

Improve by making small changes; remove impurities.

Good writers continually refine their arguments through revision.

Set free; allow to be published or available.

Carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere when fossil fuels are burned.

Settle or find a solution to a problem.

International diplomacy is essential to resolve territorial disputes peacefully.

Keep; continue to have.

Students retain more information when they revise regularly.

A numerical fact or piece of data.

Statistics show that women earn less than men in most occupations worldwide.

Uncomplicated; easy to do or understand.

The instructions are straightforward and easy to follow.

An addition that enhances; to add to.

The textbook is supplemented with online practice materials.

Make a thorough change in form or character.

Digital technology has transformed the way people access information.

Experience or be subjected to something.

The healthcare system is undergoing significant structural reforms.

Make practical and effective use of something.

Students should utilise every available resource when preparing for IELTS.